C36000 Free Cutting Brass – Technical Product Introduction
Product Overview
C36000 Free Cutting Brass, also known as Alloy 360 or Free Machining Brass, is a copper-zinc alloy specifically engineered for exceptional machinability. This alloy incorporates controlled amounts of lead to significantly enhance cutting characteristics, making it the industry standard for high-speed machining operations and precision component manufacturing.
Key Technical Features
| 特徵 | 規格 | Technical Advantage |
|---|
| 機械加工性等級 | 100% (industry standard) | Fastest cutting speeds, best chip control |
| Lead Content | 2.5-3.0% | Optimal chip breaking and tool lubrication |
| Surface Finish Capability | Ra 0.4-0.8 μm | Minimal secondary finishing required |
| 導熱係數 | 115 W/m·K | Excellent heat dissipation during machining |
| 電導率 | 26％IAC | Suitable for electrical applications |
| 耐腐蝕性能 | Good in atmospheric conditions | Long-term durability in most environments |
化學成分
Standard Chemical Composition (ASTM B16)
| 元素 | 內容 （％） | 功能 | Typical Analysis |
|---|
| 銅 | 60.0-63.0 | Base metal for strength and conductivity | 61.5 |
| 鋅 (Zn) | 餘 | Strength enhancement and cost optimization | 35.5 |
| 鉛（Pb） | 2.5-3.0 | Machinability enhancement and chip control | 2.8 |
| 鐵 (Fe) | ≤0.35 | Controlled impurity | 0.15 |
| 鎳 (Ni) | ≤0.5 | Minor alloying element | 0.25 |
| 鋁 (Al) | ≤0.05 | 脫氧劑 | 0.02 |
| 其他元素 | ≤0.5 total | Controlled impurities | – |
Compositional Comparison with Related Alloys
| 合金 | 銅(%) | Zn (%) | Pb (%) | Primary Characteristic |
|---|
| C36000 | 60.0-63.0 | 雷姆 | 2.5-3.0 | 出色的可加工性 |
| C26000 | 68.5-71.5 | 雷姆 | – | High ductility |
| C38500 | 56.0-59.0 | 雷姆 | 2.5-3.5 | 建築應用 |
| C46400 | 59.0-62.0 | 雷姆 | – | Naval brass |
| C35300 | 60.0-63.0 | 雷姆 | 1.5-2.5 | Medium lead content |
機械性能
Mechanical Properties by Temper Condition
| Temper Designation | 抗拉強度（兆帕） | 屈服強度（MPa） | 伸長率（%） | Hardness (Rb) | Reduction of Area (%) |
|---|
| O61 (Annealed) | 338-380 | 124-140 | 45-53 | 50-60 | 55-65 |
| H01 (1/4 Hard) | 370-415 | 140-310 | 25-35 | 62-75 | 45-55 |
| H02 (1/2 Hard) | 415-450 | 165-345 | 20-30日 | 75-85 | 35-45 |
| H04 (Full Hard) | 450-485 | 180-380 | 15-25日 | 80-90 | 25-35 |
Fatigue and Impact Properties
| 財產 | 價值 | 測試條件 | 標準 |
|---|
| 疲勞強度 | 140-160 MPA | 10⁸ cycles, rotating beam | ASTM D7791 |
| 衝擊強度 | 35-45 J | Charpy V-notch, room temperature | ASTM E23 |
| Fracture Toughness | 45-55 MPa√m | Plane strain conditions | ASTM E399 |
| Endurance Limit | 130-150 MPa | Fully reversed loading | ASTM D7791 |
物理性質
Thermal and Electrical Properties
| 財產 | 價值 | 單元 | 溫度（°C） | 測試方法 |
|---|
| 密度 | 8.49 | 克/立方厘米 | 20 | ASTM B311 |
| Melting Point (Solidus) | 第885章 | °C | – | 差示掃描量熱分析 |
| Melting Point (Liquidus) | 900 | °C | – | 差示掃描量熱分析 |
| 導熱係數 | 115 | 瓦/米·K | 20 | ASTM E1461 |
| 導熱係數 | 125 | 瓦/米·K | 100 | ASTM E1461 |
| 電導率 | 26 | ％iacs | 20 | ASTM B193 |
| 電阻率 | 0.066 | μΩ·m | 20 | ASTM B193 |
Thermal Expansion and Modulus Properties
| 財產 | 價值 | 單元 | 溫度範圍 | 標準 |
|---|
| Coefficient of Linear Expansion | 20.5 | μm/m·°C | 20-100℃ | ASTM E831 |
| Coefficient of Linear Expansion | 21.0 | μm/m·°C | 20-200℃ | ASTM E831 |
| 彈性模量 | 97 | 帕 | 20℃ | ASTM E111 |
| 剪切模量 | 37 | 帕 | 20℃ | ASTM E143 |
| 泊鬆比 | 0.34 | – | 20℃ | ASTM E132 |
| 比熱容 | 377 | J/kg·K | 20℃ | ASTM E1269 |
Machinability Characteristics
Optimal Machining Parameters
| 手術 | Speed (m/min) | 進給速度（毫米/轉） | 切削深度（毫米） | Tool Geometry | Surface Finish (Ra μm) |
|---|
| Turning – Roughing | 150-300 | 0.25-0.50 | 2.0-5.0 | CNMG, DNMG | 1.6-3.2 |
| Turning – Finishing | 200-400 | 0.05-0.20 | 0.5-2.0 | CNMG, VCMT | 0.4-0.8 |
| Face Milling | 100-200 | 0.10-0.30 | 1.0-3.0 | Face mill insert | 0.8-1.6 |
| End Milling | 80-150 | 0.08-0.20 | 1.0-2.0 | Carbide end mill | 0.8-1.6 |
| Drilling (HSS) | 30-60 | 0.10-0.30 | – | 118° point angle | 1.6-3.2 |
| Drilling (Carbide) | 60-120 | 0.15-0.35 | – | 130° point angle | 1.6-3.2 |
| 旋轉 | 15-30 | 0.20-0.50 | 0.1-0.3 | Straight flute | 0.4-0.8 |
| 線程 | 20-40 | Pitch dependent | – | 60° threading tool | 1.6-3.2 |
Tool Life and Machining Performance
| Cutting Tool Material | Relative Tool Life | Recommended Application | Cutting Speed Range |
|---|
| High-Speed Steel (HSS) | 100% (baseline) | General machining, drilling, tapping | 30-100 m/min |
| Uncoated Carbide | 200-300% | High-speed turning, milling | 100-300 m/min |
| TiN Coated Carbide | 300-400% | Extended tool life applications | 150-400 m/min |
| TiAlN Coated Carbide | 350-450% | 高速精加工 | 200-500 m/min |
| CBN (Cubic Boron Nitride) | 500-800% | Ultra-high-speed machining | 300-800 m/min |
Chip Formation and Control
| 加工操作 | Chip Type | Chip Control Rating | Recommended Break | Tool Wear Pattern |
|---|
| 車削 | Short, broken chips | 優秀的 | Chip breaker geometry | Uniform flank wear |
| 銑削 | Small segments | 非常好 | Positive rake angle | Corner wear |
| 鑽孔 | Ribbon chips | 好的 | Proper point geometry | Flank wear on margins |
| 線程 | Fine chips | 優秀的 | Sharp cutting edge | Minimal wear |
Applications and Uses
Primary Application Categories
| 工業部門 | Component Examples | 性能要求 | Material Benefits |
|---|
| 汽車 | Fuel system fittings, brake line fittings, electrical terminals | Precision, pressure resistance, corrosion resistance | Easy machining, tight tolerances achievable |
| 電氣/電子 | Connectors, terminals, switch components, grounding screws | Electrical conductivity, precision, reliability | Good conductivity, excellent machinability |
| Plumbing/HVAC | Pipe fittings, valve components, compression fittings | Pressure rating, corrosion resistance, reliability | Cost-effective, good sealing properties |
| 工業機械 | Gears, bushings, bearings, mechanical fasteners | Wear resistance, dimensional stability, strength | Self-lubricating lead content |
| 船用五金 | Non-critical fasteners, decorative hardware | Corrosion resistance in freshwater environments | Good atmospheric corrosion resistance |
| 樂器 | Valve assemblies, slides, mechanical components | Smooth operation, precision, durability | Excellent surface finish capability |
Specific Component Applications
| Component Type | Typical Size Range | 關鍵要求 | 製造過程 |
|---|
| NPT Threaded Fittings | 1/8″ to 4″ pipe size | Thread accuracy, pressure sealing | CNC turning, thread cutting |
| Electrical Terminals | 2mm to 50mm width | Conductivity, crimp retention | Stamping, CNC machining |
| Valve Bodies | 1/4″ to 6″ port size | Pressure rating, leak-proof | CNC machining, drilling |
| Gear Components | 10mm to 300mm diameter | Tooth accuracy, wear resistance | Gear cutting, heat treatment |
| Bushings/Bearings | 5mm to 150mm bore | Dimensional accuracy, surface finish | Turning, boring, reaming |
| Custom Connectors | Application specific | Electrical properties, fit tolerances | Multi-axis CNC machining |
Performance in Service Environments
| 環境 | 耐腐蝕性能 | Temperature Limit | Suitability Rating | Limitations |
|---|
| Indoor Atmospheric | 優秀的 | -40°C to +200°C | 優秀的 | None significant |
| Outdoor Atmospheric | 好的 | -40°C to +150°C | 好的 | Regular maintenance recommended |
| 淡水 | 好的 | 0°C to +80°C | 好的 | Avoid stagnant conditions |
| Marine (Seawater) | 貧窮的 | 不適用 | 不建議 | Use naval brass instead |
| Industrial Chemicals | 多變的 | Depends on chemical | Case-by-case evaluation | Chemical compatibility testing required |
| 高溫 | 好的 | Up to 200°C continuous | 好的 | Oxidation resistance acceptable |
Available Product Forms
Standard Product Forms and Dimensions
| 產品形態 | 尺寸範圍 | 標準長度 | Tolerance Class | 表面狀況 |
|---|
| 圓棒 | 3mm – 350mm diameter | 1m, 2m, 3m, 4m, 6m | h9, h11 (ISO 286) | Bright drawn, centerless ground |
| Hexagonal Bar | 5mm – 150mm across flats | 1m, 2m, 3m, 4m | ±0.13mm | Bright drawn |
| 方形酒吧 | 5mm – 100mm square | 1m, 2m, 3m, 4m | ±0.13mm | Bright drawn |
| Rectangular Bar | 3-60mm × 10-200mm | 1m, 2m, 3m, 4m | ±0.15mm | Cold drawn, mill finish |
| Hollow Bar (Tube) | 10-300mm OD, 2-250mm wall | 1m, 2m, 3m, 6m | ±0.20mm | As drawn, bright |
| 金屬絲 | 0.5mm – 15mm diameter | Coils or cut lengths | ±0.05mm | Bright drawn |
Dimensional Tolerances and Surface Finish
| Diameter Range (mm) | Standard Tolerance (mm) | Precision Tolerance (mm) | Surface Roughness (Ra μm) | Straightness Tolerance |
|---|
| 3-6 | ±0.05 | ±0.02 | 0.4-0.8 | 0.5mm/m |
| 6-10 | ±0.08 | ±0.03 | 0.4-0.8 | 0.5mm/m |
| 10-18 | ±0.10 | ±0.04 | 0.6-1.0 | 0.3mm/m |
| 18-30 | ±0.13 | ±0.05 | 0.8-1.2 | 0.3mm/m |
| 30-50 | ±0.16 | ±0.06 | 0.8-1.6 | 0.2mm/m |
| 50-80 | ±0.19 | ±0.08 | 1.0-1.6 | 0.2mm/m |
| 80-120 | ±0.22 | ±0.10 | 1.2-2.0 | 0.15mm/m |
| 120-200 | ±0.25 | ±0.12 | 1.6-2.5 | 0.15mm/m |
Standards and Specifications
International Standards Compliance
| 標準 | Full Designation | Geographic Scope | Specification Coverage |
|---|
| ASTM B16/B16M | Free-Cutting Brass Rod, Bar and Shapes | 北美 | Chemical composition, mechanical properties, dimensions |
| EN 12164 | Copper and copper alloys – Rod for machining purposes | 歐洲 | Manufacturing requirements, tolerances, testing |
| 賀H3250 | Copper and copper alloy rods and bars | 日本 | Chemical composition, mechanical properties, inspection |
| ISO 426-2 | Wrought copper-zinc alloys – Chemical composition and forms | 國際的 | Designation system, chemical limits |
| BS EN 12163 | Copper and copper alloys – Rod for general purposes | 英國 | General specifications, quality requirements |
| DIN 17660 | Copper-zinc alloys – Chemical composition and mechanical properties | 德國 | Material specifications, testing methods |
Chemical Composition Limits by Standard
| 標準 | 銅(%) | Zn (%) | Pb (%) | 鐵(%) | 其他元素 |
|---|
| ASTM B16 | 60.0-63.0 | 餘 | 2.5-3.0 | ≤0.35 | Ni ≤0.5%, others ≤0.5% total |
| EN 12164 | 60.0-63.0 | 餘 | 2.5-3.0 | ≤0.35 | Ni ≤0.5%, Al ≤0.05% |
| 賀H3250 | 60.0-63.0 | 餘 | 2.5-3.0 | ≤0.35 | Similar to ASTM |
| ISO 426-2 | 60.0-63.0 | 餘 | 2.5-3.0 | ≤0.35 | Harmonized with EN |
Mechanical Property Requirements by Standard
| 標準 | 抗拉強度（兆帕） | 屈服強度（MPa） | 伸長率（%） | 硬度 |
|---|
| ASTM B16 (O61) | 338-380 | 124 min | 15分鐘 | 50-70 Rb |
| ASTM B16 (H02) | 415-485 | 275 分鐘 | 8 min | 75-90 Rb |
| EN 12164 (M) | 340-430 | 140 min | 15分鐘 | 60-85 HB |
| JIS H3250 (O) | 340-390 | 130 min | 15分鐘 | 60-80 HB |
Heat Treatment and Processing
Heat Treatment Specifications
| Treatment Type | 溫度範圍（°C） | Time at Temperature | 冷卻方式 | Resulting Properties |
|---|
| Annealing (O61) | 425-650 | 1-4 hours | 空氣冷卻 | Soft, maximum ductility |
| 緩解壓力 | 200-300 | 1-2小時 | 空氣冷卻 | Reduced internal stress |
| 溶液處理 | 700-750 | 1 hour | 水淬火 | Homogeneous structure |
| Process Annealing | 300-400 | 30-60 minutes | 空氣冷卻 | Partial softening |
加工特性
| 過程 | Formability Rating | Temperature Requirements | 特別注意事項 |
|---|
| 冷加工 | 好的 | 室溫 | Work hardening occurs, periodic annealing may be needed |
| 熱加工 | 優秀的 | 600-750°C | Best formability, avoid overheating |
| 焊接 | 公平的 | 各種各樣的 | Lead vaporization concern, ventilation required |
| 釬焊 | 好的 | 600-850°C | Compatible with most brazing alloys |
| 焊接 | 優秀的 | 180-250°C | Easy to solder, good joint strength |
Quality Control and Testing
Standard Test Methods
| 財產 | 測試方法 | Sample Size | 頻率 | 驗收標準 |
|---|
| 化學成分 | XRF Spectroscopy (ASTM E1086) | 3 pieces per heat | 每一個熱量 | 在規范范圍內 |
| 拉伸特性 | Tensile Test (ASTM E8) | 2 specimens per lot | Per production lot | Meet standard requirements |
| 硬度 | Rockwell B (ASTM E18) | 3 readings per piece | Statistical sampling | Within specified range |
| 尺寸精度 | Coordinate Measuring (ASTM E1) | 100% or sampling | 連續的 | Within tolerance |
| 表面質量 | Visual Inspection (ASTM B250) | 100% | 連續的 | 無缺陷 |
| 微觀結構 | Metallography (ASTM E3) | 1 per production run | 每週 | Uniform α+β structure |
Defect Classification and Limits
| 缺陷類型 | Class A (Critical) | Class B (Major) | Class C (Minor) | Detection Method |
|---|
| 化學成分 | Out of specification | Near limits | – | Spectroscopic analysis |
| Dimensional Variation | >2× tolerance | >1.5× tolerance | >tolerance | Dimensional measurement |
| Surface Defects | Cracks, deep scratches | Shallow scratches | Light marks | 視覺檢查 |
| Hardness Deviation | >±10 points | >±5 points | Within ±5 points | Hardness testing |
| Internal Defects | Voids, inclusions | Minor porosity | – | 超音波檢測 |
環境和安全考慮
Material Safety Information
| Hazard Category | Risk Level | Primary Concern | Safety Measures |
|---|
| Lead Content | 緩和 | Ingestion, inhalation of dust/fumes | Use ventilation, avoid machining dust inhalation |
| Machining Operations | 低的 | Metal dust generation | Standard machine shop practices |
| Welding/Brazing | 緩和 | Lead fume generation | Adequate ventilation, respiratory protection |
| Fire Hazard | 非常低 | Non-combustible metal | Standard fire precautions |
| 環境的 | 緩和 | Lead content requires proper disposal | Follow local regulations for metal waste |
Recycling and Disposal
| 方面 | 要求 | Compliance Method |
|---|
| Material Identification | Lead content declaration | Material certification documentation |
| Scrap Segregation | Separate leaded brass collection | Designated scrap containers |
| Recycling Process | Specialized brass recycling | Certified metal recyclers |
| Waste Disposal | Hazardous waste classification | Licensed waste disposal services |
| 文檔 | Chain of custody records | Material tracking systems |
This technical specification provides comprehensive information about C36000 Free Cutting Brass for engineering and manufacturing applications.
